Wastewater-based Epidemiology for COVID-19 Surveillance: A Survey (preprint)

The pandemic of COVID-19 has imposed tremendous pressure on public health systems and social economic ecosystems over the past years. To alleviate its social impact, it is important to proactively track the prevalence of COVID-19 within communities. The traditional way to estimate the disease prevalence is to estimate from reported clinical test data or surveys. However, the coverage of clinical tests is often limited and the tests can be labor-intensive, requires reliable and timely results, and consistent diagnostic and reporting criteria. Recent studies revealed that patients who are diagnosed with COVID-19 often undergo fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 virus into wastewater, which makes wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for COVID-19 surveillance a promising approach to complement traditional clinical testing. In this paper, we survey the existing literature regarding WBE for COVID-19 surveillance and summarize the current advances in the area. Specifically, we have covered the key aspects of wastewater sampling, sample testing, and presented a comprehensive and organized summary of wastewater data analytical methods. Finally, we provide the open challenges on current wastewater-based COVID-19 surveillance studies, aiming to encourage new ideas to advance the development of effective wastewater-based surveillance systems for general infectious diseases.

Enhancing Student Engagement in Online Learning through Facial Expression Analysis and Complex Emotion Recognition using Deep Learning (preprint)

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional physical classrooms have transitioned to online environments, necessitating effective strategies to ensure sustained student engagement. A significant challenge in online teaching is the absence of real-time feedback from teachers on students learning progress. This paper introduces a novel approach employing deep learning techniques based on facial expressions to assess students engagement levels during online learning sessions. Human emotions cannot be adequately conveyed by a student using only the basic emotions, including anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, and neutrality. To address this challenge, proposed a generation of four complex emotions such as confusion, satisfaction, disappointment, and frustration by combining the basic emotions. These complex emotions are often experienced simultaneously by students during the learning session. To depict these emotions dynamically,utilized a continuous stream of image frames instead of discrete images. The proposed work utilized a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to categorize the fundamental emotional states of learners accurately. The proposed CNN model demonstrates strong performance, achieving a 95% accuracy in precise categorization of learner emotions.

Monocyte Differentiation and Heterogeneity: Inter-Subset and Interindividual Differences.

The three subsets of human monocytes, classical, intermediate, and nonclassical, show phenotypic heterogeneity, particularly in their expression of CD14 and CD16. This has enabled researchers to delve into the functions of each subset in the steady state as well as in disease. Studies have revealed that monocyte heterogeneity is multi-dimensional. In addition, that their phenotype and function differ between subsets is well established. However, it is becoming evident that heterogeneity also exists within each subset, between health and disease (current or past) states, and even between individuals. This realisation casts long shadows, impacting how we identify and classify the subsets, the functions we assign to them, and how they are examined for alterations in disease. Perhaps the most fascinating is evidence that, even in relative health, interindividual differences in monocyte subsets exist. It is proposed that the individual's microenvironment could cause long-lasting or irreversible changes to monocyte precursors that echo to monocytes and through to their derived macrophages. Here, we will discuss the types of heterogeneity recognised in monocytes, the implications of these for monocyte research, and most importantly, the relevance of this heterogeneity for health and disease.

Gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma among the general community: Findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study in India.

Introduction: Individual and community characteristics predictive of knowledge, perception, and attitude on COVID-19, specifically on gender, have not been adequately explored. Objective: To examine the gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, self-risk perception and public stigma among the general community and to understand other socio-demographic factors which were predictive of them. Method: A nationally representative cross-sectional multi-centric survey was conducted among adult individuals(≥18 yrs) from the community member (N = 1978) from six states and one union territory of India between August 2020 to February 2021. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling. The data were collected telephonically using pilot-tested structured questionnaires and were analyzed using STATA. Gender-segregated multivariable analysis was conducted to identify statistically significant predictors (p < 0.05) of COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma in the community. Results: Study identified significant differences between males and females in their self-risk perception (22.0% & 18.2% respectively) and stigmatizing attitude (55.3% & 47.1% respectively). Highly educated males and females had higher odds of having COVID-19 knowledge (aOR: 16.83: p < 0.05) than illiterates. Highly educated women had higher odds of having self-risk perception (aOR: 2.6; p < 0.05) but lower public stigma [aOR: 0.57; p < 0.05]. Male rural residents had lower odds of having self-risk perception and knowledge [aOR: 0.55; p < 0.05 & aOR: 0.72; p < 0.05] and female rural residents had higher odds of having public stigma [aOR: 1.36; p < 0.05]. Conclusion: Our study findings suggest the importance of considering thegender differentials and their background, education status and residential status in designing effective interventions to improve knowledge and reduce risk perception and stigma in the community about COVID-19.

Awareness and Use of Digital Learning Before and During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a massive shift in the worldwide educational teaching-learning system. All educational activities have shifted digitally. Due to this sudden shift, digital learning has experienced significant change. The current study aims to analyze the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 perceptions and usage of digital learning among school children. Also, how COVID-19 impacted their digital learning knowledge. Two surveys were conducted, one before the COVID-19 outbreak and the other after the outbreak. The study's findings show that students' digital learning usage increased significantly after the outbreak of COVID-19, and they are more satisfied with the digital learning facilities. Students' knowledge about digital learning is also increased. However, after COVID-19, the students' motivation dropped. The majority of respondents had never used digital learning before COVID-19. The widespread usage of digital learning has also raised barriers. The barriers outweighed the benefits of digital learning.

Baricitinib Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Is Associated With a Reduction in Secondary Infections.

We performed a secondary analysis of the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2) randomized controlled trial and found that baricitinib was associated with a 50% reduction in secondary infections after controlling for baseline and postrandomization patient characteristics. This finding provides a novel mechanism of benefit for baricitinib and supports the safety profile of this immunomodulator for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.

Increasing tourism resilience with digital engagement in the hotel industry

This research paper aims to address the role of digital engagement in regaining customers' and employees' trust, and increasing the tourism industry's resilience in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the pandemic has been felt by all countries around the globe in varying degrees. According to The Times (2020), the Indian economy suffered a setback of USD 1 trillion due to the lockdown of factories and businesses, suspended flights, halted trains, and restricted movement of vehicles and people. The tourism industry, which has always been susceptible to various types of crises, has also felt the impact of the pandemic. The Indian hotel industry had estimated losses of more than USD 17 million in 2020-21. After the partial lifting of the lockdown, the hospitality industry opened its doors to welcome back guests with minimal human contact. Digitalization was perceived as a novelty before the pandemic, but it has now emerged as a necessity. Digital-driven artificial intelligence tools and big-data analytics have benefitted many industries. Reservations, check-in, check-out, rooms, food experiences, conferencing and delivery are handled seamlessly by hotels with digital engagements. Digitalization has become a facilitator for implementing stringent social distancing criteria and driving redefined customer experience.

Anti-spike Antibody Status in Pre-vaccinated Healthy Participants and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients During the Third Wave of COVID-19.

Introduction Anti-spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies produced after infection with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) will offer protection and prevent re-infection for a few months. Seroprevalence studies measuring the SARS­CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels will be helpful to know the herd immunity level that prevents community transmission. Very few studies have addressed the antibody titer among healthy participants and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The present study was conducted to determine the anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody (Ab) status before COVID-19 vaccination in healthy participants and RA patients. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital to estimate the serum anti-spike antibody levels against COVID-19 among the pre-vaccinated healthy participants and patients with RA during the third wave of COVID-19. After receiving written informed consent, participants were recruited as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic details, co-morbid status, and medication details were collected. Five milliliters of blood samples were collected, and anti-spike antibodies were estimated. The SARS-CoV-2 Ab positivity rate was expressed in percentage and was correlated with gender and age groups. Ab-positive participants were classified into three categories based on the neutralizing antibody titers (NAT). Results A total of 58 participants (49 healthy volunteers and nine RA patients) were recruited. Out of 58 participants, 40 were males, nine were females among healthy participants, and one male and eight females in the RA group were enrolled. Among the RA patients, one participant was found to have the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and two participants with hypothyroidism. Antibody positivity was found to be 83.6% among the healthy volunteers and 100% in the RA patients. About 48% had NAT between 50 and 90%. There was no significant difference for age and gender-specific positivity for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers among healthy participants. Conclusion Our study showed 84% positivity for anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies around the third wave (between November 2021 and February 2022). The majority had high neutralizing antibody titers. The probable reason for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity before vaccination was either asymptomatic infection or herd immunity.

Efficacy and Safety of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies: An Updated Review.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) had received emergency use authorization for mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or for prophylaxis against COVID-19, including casirivimab plus imdevimab (C+I), bamlanivimab plus etesevimab (B+E), tixagevimab plus cilgavimab (T+CG), and sotrovimab (S) and bebtelovimab (BEB). This systematic review was done to assess the efficacy and safety of the same. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and FDA fact sheets were searched for the studies published between January 2021 and May 2022, and appropriate search terms related to the mentioned mAbs were used for data collection. Review included original research including randomized clinical trials and observational studies published or preprints. Studies included in the review had compared with placebo or standard of care or no treatment or mAbs with each other and also of various doses. Data extraction was done and reviewed the same for both efficacy and safety. Total of 20 studies were included in this review. The rate of hospitalization within 30 days showed ∼2% in comparison to ∼7% with placebo. Significant reduction in viral load was more observed with combination mAbs. Combination therapy showed faster virological cure against the Gamma variant. With C + I as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), 29.0% of asymptomatic participants developed symptomatic COVID-19. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with T+CG reduced the incidence of infection by 77%. Infusion-related reaction was the most common adverse event (AE). The neutralizing mAbs reduced hospitalization in mild-to-moderate patients with infusion-related reactions as common AE. The response was better in the seronegative patients. Most of these studies were conducted in unvaccinated individuals and against Alpha, Gamma, and Delta variants.

Obesity and Viral Infections.

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) triggered a rapidly expanding global pandemic. The presence of obesity in patients with COVID-19 has been established as a risk factor for disease severity, hospital admission, and mortality. Thus, it is imperative those living with obesity be vaccinated against COVID-19. Although there is a timeframe COVID-19 vaccines are efficacious in those living with obesity, more studies need to be conducted to ensure that those long-lasting protection is maintained, as obesity has implications on the immune system.

Application of wastewater-based surveillance and copula time-series model for COVID-19 forecasts.

The objective of this study was to develop a novel copula-based time series (CTS) model to forecast COVID-19 cases and trends based on wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load and clinical variables. Wastewater samples were collected from wastewater pumping stations in five sewersheds in the City of Chesapeake VA. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured using reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). The clinical dataset included daily COVID-19 reported cases, hospitalization cases, and death cases. The CTS model development included two steps: an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model for time series analysis (step I), and an integration of ARMA and a copula function for marginal regression analysis (step II). Poisson and negative binomial marginal probability densities for copula functions were used to determine the forecasting capacity of the CTS model for COVID-19 forecasts in the same geographical area. The dynamic trends predicted by the CTS model were well suited to the trend of the reported cases as the forecasted cases from the CTS model fell within the 99 % confidence interval of the reported cases. Wastewater SARS CoV-2 viral load served as a reliable predictor for forecasting COVID-19 cases. The CTS model provided robust modeling to predict COVID-19 cases.

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health in sports: a review.

Global pandemic, lockdown restrictions, and COVID-19 compulsory social isolation guidelines have raised unprecedented mental health in the sports community. The COVID-19 pandemic is found to affect the mental health of the population. In critical situations, health authorities and sports communities must identify their priorities and make plans to maintain athletes' health and athletic activities. Several aspects play an important role in prioritization and strategic planning, e.g., physical and mental health, distribution of resources, and short to long-term environmental considerations. To identify the psychological health of sportspeople and athletes due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has been reviewed in this research. This review article also analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on health mental in databases. The COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine would have a serious negative impact on the mental health of athletes. From the accessible sources, 80 research articles were selected and examined for this purpose such as Research Gate, PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and Web of Science and based on the involvement for this study 14 research articles were accessed. This research has an intention on mental health issues in athletes due to the Pandemic. This report outlines the mental, emotional and behavioural consequences of COVID-19 home confinement. Further, research literature reported that due to the lack of required training, physical activity, practice sessions, and collaboration with teammates and coaching staff are the prime causes of mental health issues in athletes. The discussions also reviewed several pieces of literature which examined the impacts on sports and athletes, impacts on various countries, fundamental issues of mental health and the diagnosis for the sports person and athletes, and the afterlife of the COVID-19 pandemic for them. Because of the compulsory restrictions and guidelines of this COVID-19 eruption, the athletes of different sports and geographical regions are suffering from fewer psychological issues which were identified in this paper. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic appears to negatively affect the mental health of the athletes with the prevalence and levels of anxiety and stress increasing, and depression symptoms remaining unaltered. Addressing and mitigating the negative effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of this population identified from this review.

Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: People with HIV (PWH) experience a greater risk of morbidity and mortality following COVID-19 infection, and poorer immunological responses to several vaccines. We explored existing evidence regarding the immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PWH compared with controls. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases from January 2020 until June 2022, in addition to conference databases, to identify studies comparing clinical, immunogenicity, and safety in PWH and controls. We compared results between those with low (<350 cells/µl) and high (>350 cells/µl) CD4 + T-cell counts where possible. We performed a meta-analysis of seroconversion and neutralization responses to calculate a pooled risk ratio as the measure of effect. RESULTS: We identified 30 studies, including four reporting clinical effectiveness, 27 immunogenicity, and 12 reporting safety outcomes. PWH were 3% [risk ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.95-0.99] less likely to seroconvert and 5% less likely to demonstrate neutralization responses (risk ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.99) following a primary vaccine schedule. Having a CD4 + T-cell count less than 350 cells/µl (risk ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99) compared with a CD4 + T-cell count more than 350 cells/µl, and receipt of a non-mRNA vaccine in PWH compared with controls (risk ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96) were associated with reduced seroconversion. Two studies reported worse clinical outcomes in PWH. CONCLUSION: Although vaccines appear well tolerated in PWH, this group experience poorer immunological responses following vaccination than controls, particularly with non-mRNA vaccines and low CD4 + T-cell counts. PWH should be prioritized for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, especially PWH with more advanced immunodeficiency.

COVID-19: Consequences on pregnant women and neonates.

Introduction: Human species is confronting with a gigantic global COVID-19 pandemic. Initially, it was observed in Wuhan, China, and the COVID-19 cases spread across the globe with lightning speed and resulted in the 21st century pandemic. If scientific reports are taken care of, it is noteworthy that this virus possesses more specific characteristics due to its structure. The distinctive structure has a higher binding affinity with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, and this is used as an access point to gain access to hosts. Methods: A complete literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, and deep-diving Google Search using keywords such as "Pregnancy, COVID-19, Newborn, Fetus, Coronavirus 2019, Neonate, Pregnant women, and vertical transmission". Result and discussion: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is unlike its former analogs: SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively, or anything mankind has faced earlier concerning viciousness, global spread, and gravity of a causative agent. The current review has delved into articles published in various journals worldwide including the latest studies on the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and neonates and has discussed complications and challenges, psychological health, immunological response, vertical transmission, concurrent disorders, vaccine debate, management recommendations, recent news of the approval of COVID-19 vaccine for 6 months and older babies, and future perspectives.

Students' continuance intention to use MOOCs: empirical evidence from India.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the Massive open online courses (MOOCs) due to its gaining popularity. Even though the number of online platforms and programs has grown during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still a high rate of dropout and non-completion. In this work, the expectation-confirmation model is combined with MOOC features such as perceived openness, perceived reputation, and other factors i.e., perceived enjoyment, and perceived computer self-efficacy to investigate the learner's continued intention to use MOOC. A survey was undertaken and the data was collected from 383 students pursuing their degrees (undergraduate and post-graduate) in Karnataka state, India. The collected data were analyzed with structural equation modelling in Smart PLS 3. The study confirms a significant influence of confirmation and perceived usefulness on satisfaction, and direct significant influence of perceived computer self-efficacy, satisfaction, and perceived usefulness on continuance intention. Also, the results demonstrated the significant influence of confirmation on perceived enjoyment and usefulness and the effect of computer self-efficacy on usefulness. The findings in this study indicate that the MOOC platforms should focus on confirming learner expectations and the usefulness of courses to ensure student satisfaction and continuance of courses.

High Mutation Rate Leads to Fitness Loss for Coronavirus Quasispecies

Background: RNA viruses evolve very fast, with a mutation rate of 103 to 105 base sub-stitution per nucleotides per copy. The mutation is a survival strategy for the viruses, which leads them to survive in the new host. Fitness is defined as the replication capacity of the virus in an ex-perimental setup. Generally, the large population passage of the virus leads to fitness gain, but the world data of the coronavirus infection and death shows the flattened curve with time. It is contra-dictory to the principle of fitness gain due to large population passage. The coronavirus is losing its potency but remains infectious as it is passaging into millions that leads to a decline in the death of COVID patients and high recovery rates. Fitness loss of coronaviruses attributed to a high level of mutation in the RNA genome as well as host immune response. The current outbreak of SARS CoV-2 is surfaced in December 2019 in Hubei province of China and considered as bats/pangolin origin, spreading 235 countries of the world, infecting nearly 31,664,104 people, and claimed nearly 972,221 lives as of September 24, 2020 (Death rate approximately 3%). This coronavirus has passaged into 31,664,104 people from the beginning of this pandemic until September 24, 2020. Now the virus is losing potency rather than being monotonous and continuous in producing virus-related complications. The population is still getting infected at the same rate, but the severity of the disease is reduced due to the potency of the virus diminished due to the passage effect as well as fitness loss of the virus due to high mutation rates. The death rate is reduced to 3% as compared to 6% in June 2020, when this paper was first submitted. Objective(s): The purpose of the study is to prove the fact that the coronavirus loses its potency with time but, they remain infective. It becomes more infectious due to mutation of the gene but loses the capacity to kill the host. Method(s): Since the WHO announces the COVID-19 outbreak is an emergency of international con-cern, every country in the world is taking many measures to mitigate the viral load to their popula-tion. Simultaneously, the WHO, CDC USA, CDC Europe, and much other organization is updating the COVID cases and death online daily as reported by the respective country. With the help of the COVID-19 outbreak data published by the European CDC and ourworldindata.org, we correlate the total cases of coronavirus and total death in the top ten affected countries in the world. We also link the trends of total cases vs. total death and total new cases vs. total new death related to COVID-19 in Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, and New Zealand from January 30, 2020, until September 24, 2020. The reason to select these countries for the study is that these countries updating the COVID cases and deaths regularly and said to achieve the peak of COVID related infections and recovering from the pandemic. Result(s): We have tried to correlate the high mutation rate of the virus that leads to losing its potency to severe infection and death in the human. Viral extinction through high mutation could be considered as the new anti-viral strategies. Conclusion(s): Coronavirus is losing its potency to causing death to the human. The new infection is still being reported from every corner of the world, but the death rate is significantly decreasing.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Deep learning hybrid for X-ray lung disease detection

The lung diseases will cause a significant negative effect on the human lungs in a severe manner. A person may suffer from this disease because of bacteria or viruses. The alveoli in the lungs, which are a portion of the lungs that are filled fluids, so the patients with Pneumonia have a low percentage of oxygen in their blood. According to the UNICEF survey, it killed about 880,000 children belonging to the age-group of 0-5 in the year of 2016. Due to the improper detection of the infection in the starting stage, the death rate of the persons increasing enormously. Lung diseases can be detected by radiologists by looking at or examining the chest x-rays very keenly. This process of examining is very costly and requires time. To reduce the time and increase the accuracy of detection, it is needed to prevent the intervention of man from examining the chest x-rays. It is a great idea to use the convolutional neural networks, which includes in the class of deep learning, for the detection of lung diseases. It works on extracting of features from chest x-rays which classifies them to detect lung diseases. Pre-defined architectures of CNNs, which are the state-of-The-Art algorithm and techniques of transfer learning is used in the project. In this study, a Transfer Learning strategy is utilized, in which a previously trained model is utilized to train on images of various lung disorders taken from the dataset, covering safe samples. Some examples of these lung diseases are lung opacity, viral pneumonia, and covid. © 2022 IEEE.

Stakeholder salience: Corporate responses during a public health crisis

Prior crisis management research mainly studied the context of accidental and preventable crises which are generally within the organization's control, while the COVID-19 pandemic presents a public health crisis in which corporations do not have control over the extent of the impacts. Built upon the stakeholder salience framework, we propose and test the hypotheses that are derived from societal stakeholders' power, legitimacy, and urgent claims during the pandemic and reveal several corporate responses that address multiple stakeholders' interests, including customers, shareholders, community, suppliers, and employees. Specifically, corporations with a larger number of employees and social media followers tend to adopt more corporate responses that address various stakeholders' concerns. Further, in highly impacted industries, there is an increased influence of social media followers on customer-related corporate responses as well as a decreased influence of employees on employee-related corporate responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on severe asthma care in Europe - will care change for good?

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has put pressure on health-care services forcing the reorganization of traditional care pathways. Aim To investigate;(1) how physicians taking care of severe asthma patients in Europe reorganized care during the COVID-19 pandemic;(2) patient satisfaction with these changes;and (3) impact on future care. Methods In this European-wide cross-sectional study, patient surveys were sent to patients with a physiciandiagnosis of severe asthma, and physician surveys to severe asthma specialists (November 2020 - May 2021). Results 1101 patients and 268 physicians from 16 European countries contributed to the study. Common physicianreported changes in severe asthma care included use of video/phone consultations (46%) and change to home administered biologics (38%), which resulted in high satisfaction levels in most patients (Figure 1). Many physicians expect continued implementation of video/phone consultations (41%) and home administration of biologics (52%). Conclusions Change to video/phone consultations and home administration of biologics was common in severe asthma care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was associated with high satisfaction levels in most but not all cases. Many physicians expect these changes to continue in future severe asthma care, though satisfaction levels may change after the pandemic. (Figure Presented).

Post-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Myocarditis.

A new trend of myocarditis among young adults who received mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 is emerging. We present the case of a young adult who presented with chest pain 3 days after the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. He had elevated troponin I and C-reactive protein levels at the time of admission. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram findings were unremarkable. The patient improved with conservative management and was discharged home the next day. LEARNING POINTS: Myocarditis is rare but is increasingly being reported in young adults post vaccination for COVID-19.Patients usually present with chest pain, elevated troponin and/or inflammatory markers.The condition carries a good prognosis and patients usually recover with supportive care.